5G New Waveform Signal Analysis

5G New Waveform Signal Analysis UF-OFDM, FBMC and GFDM are under investigation worldwide as promising candidates of the New Waveform for 5G mobile communication systems. This paper describes features of their signal processing technologies and issues. New Waveform analysis environment is also introduced. Impact of each waveform to existing system can be estimated quickly by the environment. 1 Introduction Preparations for the migration from LTE/LTE-Advanced to next-generation mobile communications systems (5G) are progressing in various regions worldwide. In particular, the European METIS) and 5GNOW projects have advanced the research of new waveforms meeting 5G requirements. LTE/ LTE-Advanced currently uses Cyclic Prefix Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (CP-OFDM) as the wireless signal multiplexing method, because it has high spectrum efficiency as well as high tolerance against multipath propagation and fading. On the other hand, CP-ODFM signal requires high linearity to output power amplifiers according to its high peak to average power ratio (PAPR). As a result, the power amplifier efficiency is low, increasing the User Equipment (UE) battery power consumption. Consequently, there are problems with shortened hours to receive wireless services. Moreover, the CP-OFDM spectrum has high out-of-band (OOB) sidelobes, causing problem with lowered spectrum efficiency when many UEs are operating at one location. Improving CP-OFDM is under way to solve these problems that constitute barriers to 5G system deployment. Currently, use of the Filtered Multi-carrier technology is examined to reduce the OOB sidelobes and is recognized as New Waveform. Various different methods have been proposed for implementing the Filtered Multi-carrier technology. These methods offer to improve CP-OFDM using sub-carrier filtering but each filtering method is different. Since these new waveforms are different from the CP-OFDM waveform used in LTE/LTE-Advanced, PAPR and spectrum shape are also different. As a result, devices with designs optimized for CP-OFDM are no longer optimum for the new waveforms. Therefore, RF devices, UEs and Base Stations for 5G systems will require new test instruments to generate and receive new waveforms for their various performance evaluations. 2 Example of New Waveforms This chapter explains proposed main methods of the Filtered Multi-carrier technology, in particular UF-OFDM (Universal Filtered Orthogonal Frequency Multiplex), FBMC (Filter Bank Multi-Carrier), and GFDM (Generalized Frequency Division Multiplexing). 2.1 UF-OFDM UF-OFDM is a method for improving OOB characteristics by filtering each block. UF-OFDM allows a mapped signal to be allocated to a predetermined number of blocks and number of sub-carriers for each block. The data for each block are calculated using Inverse Discrete Fourier Transform (iDFT) and converted to time sequence data equal to the total number of sub-carriers. As a consequence, the UF-OFDM signal becomes a time series with a length extended by (the filter tap number. The length can be set equal to the length of cyclic prefix (CP) of CP-OFDM signal. Therefore UF-OFDM has higher compatibility with the CP-OFDM. The time series signal from modulation side is pre-processed for filtering interference and S/P converted, demodulation is performed by FFT of twice the number of total sub-carriers. The demodulated signal is demapped to each symbol group after radio channel correction for each sub-carrier. Other demodulation methods such as ZF (Zero-Forcing), MF (Matched Filter), and MMSE (Minimum Mean Square Error) have also been discussed. Transmission distortion, receiver performance in the mobile environment and circuit scale, etc. will be key factors for their adoption. The OOB sidelobes have been significantly improved, being better by about 40 dB than those of CP-OFDM. Although UF-OFDM improves the OOB by filtering each block, its performance is affected by the inserted filter which causes the amplitude and phase distortion. Their results show the constellation without correction of the filter distortion. The constellation is scattered in each block in the direction of amplitude and phase due to the filter characteristics. A UF-OFDM signal (time series length of N + L à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢1) using a filter with L taps is longer than the OFDM signal with the same number of sub-carriers (N). However, demodulation of the UF-OFDM signal could be desired to be performed by N point-FFT instead of 2N point-FFT, as well as that of the OFDM signal. 2.2 FBMC Unlike UF-OFDM, since FBMC is a method for improving OOB characteristics by filtering each subcarrier, it is also expected to improve the Inter-Carrier Interference (ICI) characteristics. The FBMC multicarrier modulation techniques allow the orthogonality between the Offset-QAM (OQAM) sub-carriers to be fully assured. Since narrowband filters are used for the FBMC sub-carriers, the number of digital filter taps can be larger than the total sub-carrier number. This filter method can be implemented in two ways-in the frequency domain, or in the time domain. To fix the iFFT length to the same total sub-carrier number, time domain processing method is suitable and Poly Phase Network (PPN) is used. FBMC using this narrowband filtering has greatly improved OOB characteristics. On the other hand, the number of filter taps required to improve the characteristics is about four times the total sub-carrier number, creating a four times processing latency in a PPN configuration. Accordingly, although FBMC is problem-free for bitpipe communications such as video streaming, it has lower transmission efficiency for short packets. In the actual application, besides these blocks, there is additional processing such as equalization for each sub-carrier and filtering to remove interference caused by transmission distortion. 2.3 GFDM GFDM is a new concept method in which conventional OFDM is generalized, and it is based on the block oriented Filtered Multi-carrier method following the Gabor principle. Symbol configuration of GFDM is composed of time frequency blocks made up of a number of sub-carriers K and a number of subsymbols M with high flexibility. The modulation filter processing uses pulse-shaping filter g[n] for each sub-carrier and is implemented using cyclic convolution processing. The demodulation filter processing is performed using the same filter as modulation processing and reduces the Inter-Symbol Interference (ISI). This filtering for each sub-carrier improves the GFDM OOB characteristics but generates ISI and ICI and insertion of an interference canceler is being investigated to reduce ISI and ICI caused by this filtering. The constellation for all sub-carriers show that the symbol constellation is not converged at one point due to the effect of ICI. These results are one example of using a root raised cosine filter (RRCF). The OOB characteristics and degree of ICI and ISI generation change according to the selected pulse-shaping filter. Since the GFDM waveform has the same cyclic prefix (CP) as the OFDM waveform, the OOB characteristics are worse than the new waveform which does not have CP as explained previously. Consequently, to improve the OOB characteristics, guard symbol GFDM (GS-GFDM) method, which inserts a guard symbol between subsymbols, and windowed GFDM (W-GFDM), which performs window processing in the time domain, are being investigated. On the other hand, as the same synchronization technology is used as in OFDM, GFDM can realize synchronization more easily than other new waveforms without CP. Although GFDM is considered more complex to implement, its usefulness is attracting attention n ow. It is expected to offer flexible frame design in both time and frequency domains to applications such as IoT requiring low latency. 3 New Waveform Analysis Environment The previous sections describe the investigation results of the new waveforms that are studied as 5G PHY-layer candidates. RD activity for the new technologies requires versatile engineering tool that can provide seamless use of communication system simulation and verification by actual equipments. This chapter introduces evaluation environment configured and its testing examples. Figure 14 shows the configured new waveform analysis environment including MG3710A Signal Generator with AWG (Arbitrary Waveform Generator), MS2692A Signal Analyzer for waveform capture and MATLAB ® program for generation and analysis of transmitted and received waveforms. By using MATLAB ®, which is commercially available and widely used, building user-friendly GUI and testing various wireless systems become easy, quick and flexible. 3.1 New Waveform Interference Evaluations In the study of 5G waveform candidates, it is a key to identify waveforms to realize good spectrum efficiency of unused frequency bands. This section explains how to evaluate the impact from 5G waveform candidate to existing system waveform by using the new waveform analysis environment. In this evaluation, CP-OFDM waveform with band gap is defined as an existing system waveform and UF-OFDM waveform is defined as a candidate 5G waveform. And the impact of interference is evaluated when the defined waveforms are located side by side in the frequency domain. MG3710A can easily output desired and undesired signals by using add baseband function to synthesize and output two modulated signals from one RF signal (Figure. 15). This evaluation uses the capability to generate and synthesize CP-OFDM and UF-OFDM waveforms, and analyze the signal by MS2692A Signal Analyzer. Thus giving and receiving interference evaluation is realized. We show that the spectrum of the CP-OFDM waveform having band gap and the UF-OFDM waveform. The purple trace and the blue trace correspond to the CP-OFDM and the UF-OFDM respectively. OOB sidelobe of CP-OFDM and excellent UF-OFDM OOB characteristics are addressed. Interference evaluations based on the adding waveform at baseband of MG3710A have been described. By using this analysis environment with preparation of multiple 5G waveform candidates, OOB characteristics of each waveform, interference caused by them and spectrum allocation adequacy can be evaluated easily. 4 Conclusion Regarding the 5G waveform candidates, we have presented performance evaluations by simulation and fore-casted problems in the actual operation. It is presumed that these waveforms will be integrated into a flexible multi-carrier system supporting various use cases, frequency bands and radio wave environments. We will continue to research to provide optimum solutions for the complex multi-carrier waveform measurements.

Equality in Harrison Bergeron Essay

Kurt Vonnegut’s short story â€Å"Harrison Bergeron† is set in the future (2081), when the government has supposedly made everyone â€Å"equal. † The people of this era are forced equal by technology. These people are denied individuality, and the governments have taken their freedom by enforcing laws. Vonnegut’s story is a satire because the society he depicts is not truly equal, but rather a totalitarian regime under the pretense of equality. I will examine how Vonnegut seems to be implying that in such a society, the government gains too much control and people gradually lose their individuality. In Vonnegut’s story, â€Å"everybody was finally equal. They weren’t only equal before God and the law. They were equal in every which way. † So how does this differ from the equality we enjoy in our current society? Vonnegut goes on to explain that, in such a society, equality means that â€Å"nobody was smarter than anybody else. Nobody was better looking than anybody else. Nobody was stronger or quicker than anybody else. † But how would this be possible if every human being is born differently? The government forces citizens to wear different levels of handicap devices according to their differing abilities. For example, a handicap radio is forced on anyone considered smart, a mask is forced on anyone considered beautiful, and heavy bags full of birdshots are forced on anyone considered strong. All these rules are enforced by the â€Å"211th, 212th, and 213th Amendments to the Constitution,† and the â€Å"unceasing vigilance of agents of the United States Handicapper General. However, this also implicates that equality is not actually achieved because the Handicapper General is evidently not restricted in the same manner. In fact, the Handicapper General, which seems to represent the government, controls the life of citizens. People like George might possess intelligent thoughts such as â€Å"maybe dancers shouldn’t be handicapped. † However, these thoughts might undermine the Handicapper General’s power, so the handicap radio works â€Å"every twenty seconds or so† to â€Å"keep people like George from taking unfair advantage of their brains. George’s son Harrison Bergeron, who according to the news channel is â€Å"a genius and an athlete,† is regarded as â€Å"extremely dangerous. † After Harrison escapes from jail â€Å"under-handicapped†, he is quickly tracked down by authorities and shot by the Handicapper General herself. Vonnegut seems to imply that ironically, power are in the hands of only a few people under the pretense of equality, and that extraordinary people has no place to live in such an authoritarian society. Controlled by the government, citizens also lose their individuality. Masks are worn so beauty is hidden. When George and Hazel were watching ballerinas on the television, the ballerinas’ â€Å"faces were masked, so that no one, seeing a free and graceful gesture or a pretty face, would feel like something the cat drug in. † Moreover, people who are strong have to wear weights on their bodies. George had a â€Å"forty-seven pounds of birdshot in a canvas bag, which was padlocked around [his] neck,† which even Hazel finds pitying. Even voices are controlled. Reading a bulletin, a ballerina had to â€Å"apologize at once for her voice† because her actual voice was â€Å"a warm, luminous, [and] timeless melody. Therefore, people in this society lose their individuality and humanity. Vonnegut seems to imply that the government intrudes the everyday lives of citizens under the pretense of equality, just like the communist totalitarian regime of Mao Ze Dong in China. Vonnegut seems to think that equality in the sense of eliminating individual differences would never work. If the government forced handicaps on gifted people, how could we improve our society? Creative thinkers wouldn’t be able to come up with new ideas, technology development would stagnate and the quality of life would deteriorate. Suppose there weren’t anybody capable of inventing the mobile phone, how would contact your friends and family on the road? In conclusion, â€Å"Harrison Bergeron† portrays how people can potentially lose their individuality and unwillingly accept totalitarian control under the pretense of equality. Vonnegut wants to warn us about how dangerous such a society is and how the improper usage of equality is fatal for the human race. We should never sacrifice individuality for equality!

How to Choose Writing Research Proposal

How to Choose Writing Research Proposal The requirements and period of a research proposal may vary widely based on the area and institution you're applying to. Keep in mind, you're not setting out to conduct research to be able to prove a point. Even now, in the fields of company and science, it's still true that you have to earn project proposals. It's possible to use a research proposal example to aid in designing your own template. Academic performance is quite an intriguing topic for the analysis and there are lots of techniques which could help 1 measure his performance. Since there are lots of procedures for conducting research, you will need to clarify your research tactics. Define the reach of the undertaking and any theoretical approaches you'll use. What you're trying to explain and why, along with some feeling of the assortment of variation in the dependent variable. For the majority of our research degrees and professional doctorates you'll be asked to submit a research proposal as a portion of your application, if you don't have been advised otherwise. If you're applying for research programme, you might be asked to submit a research proposal as a portion of your application. You may verify proposal deadlines and in the event the research you're interested in pursuing is acceptable. For working on a top quality dissertation, student should pick a topic that's pertinent to their academic and professional interests. Clearly recognize the critical sources you mean to use and explain how they are going to lead to your analysis of the topic. By now you ought to be acquainted with a couple of the mutual styles like APA or MLA. In every research proposal it's advised to use a particular manner of writing and structure and in the current article we're likely to cover all the characteristics of the APA research proposal and the way to compose a proposal. Introduction Explain the issue you're examining and why it's significant. Methodology Scientific work has to be based on logical conclusions and the sole means to have consistent and accurate data is via proper technique. Paper Writing Service Overview In addition to supplying custom research paper writing services, we provide solutions to a wide selection of writing requirements for our clientele. You've got an outstanding idea your company would benefit from, but there's just a single problem. Our professional writing service delivers the finest academic papers inside your deadline. Each customer will receive a non-plagiarized paper with timely shipping. Because you're choosing a writer, you may use the spare time to study. The one which you want to write may be more complex based on your field of study. UnderstandingA whatA the reader may wish to hear is crucial. With our customized essay offer, you can be guaranteed to get any kind of essay help you're looking for. When writing your discussion, remember that you want to get excited about what you aspire to accomplish and have confidence your project will be helpful to the reader. The aim of the proposal is so it is possible to sway project funders to supply you with the monies necessary to finish the essential research. For example, it explains how you will finish your project and includes all the activities that will take place. You won't possibly be in a position to complete such an undertaking. Ok, I Think I Understand Writing Research Proposal, Now Tell Me About Writing Research Proposal! If it's possible, the title should still be under 15 words. If you have to shorten your title, pick the keywords. The title ought to be on another page and set besides the remainder of the template. You will need to have a title that's absent of acronyms or abbreviations.

Effect of Terrorism on Pakistan Economy - 5798 Words

ECONOMIC COST OF TERRORISM: A CASE STUDY OF PAKISTAN Arshad Ali * The world is currently confronting terrorism in different manifestations. After the 9/11 terrorist events, the phenomenon of terrorism has abruptly changed the socioeconomic and geopolitical situation of the world. Terrorist groups have linkages with each other and are utilising each other‟s areas for recruitment and training, exchanging illegal weapons, engaging in joint planning and ventures, and also providing administrative and other logistic support. Pakistan is also facing the menace of terrorism which is eroding the country‟s social structure, economic development and political system. The acts of terrorism are threatening Pakistan‟s law and order situation,†¦show more content†¦Humanitarian aid. Conflict affectees, IDPs and refugees. Fiscal costs. Including the impact on revenue and programmes for growth and to rebuild society. Economic costs. Reduced investment, flight of capital and lower growth rate. Social costs. The impact on living standards, including health, education and wider aspects of vulnerability, taking into account the fact that conflict often harms the poor most. Cultural costs. and long-lasting. Impact on social conventions and structures, which is often severe Source: â€Å"Estimating Conflict Cost: The Case of North West Frontier Province and Pakistan (Draft for Discussion)†, cppr.edu.pk/download/Estimating%20Conflict%20Cost%20-2009-08-20.pdf There are some other factors as well which must be taken into account, including compensation to the aggrieved parties and destroyed private infrastructure and expenses. Moreover, the cost of dislocation of population and missed opportunities, along with the psychosocial cost, trauma, loss of loved ones and mental illness must also be factored in such cost assessments. Consequences of terrorism The burden on a State managing a terrorism problem may be enormous, serious and unmanageable and has severe consequences on its economic outlook. Nevertheless, some of the economic consequences of terrorism are tabled below: Economic Dimension Economic growth. Effect Negative, sometimes falls dramatically. Exports.Show MoreRelatedImpact of Terrorism in Pakistan1628 Words   |  7 PagesImpact of Terrorism in Pakistan In lieu of unlawful violence to inculcate fear and increase coercion, terrorism has become a trending topic in the world today. Pakistan, a country in South Asia bordered by Afghanistan and India has been a country worthy of speculation due to the rate of terrorism and tribal wars that have quickly taken over the country. The sporadic effects of these attacks have begun to shatter what used to be one of Asia’s fastest growing economies. 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