The Influence of Witchcraft on Feminism Essay Example For Students

The Influence of Witchcraft on Feminism Essay The witch-hunt that blazed a trail across Europe (and indeed the world) over the 15th to 18th centuries stripped women of much of the power they had historically held. Not 100% of all accused Witches were female but 75% to 90% of accused witches in Europe were in fact women (Levack, 1987, p. 124). Prior to the 15th century, rural European women were highly revered and respected pillars of rural community life. Women were not only considered as mothers and wives, but also as community leaders, physicians, and sources of strength and wisdom. They worked side by side with men toward the common goal of community growth and improvement. Though they were not seen as identical to men in the roles they played, they were considered mens equals. The roles of women were different but equally important and respected as those of men. Women had a special and imperative role in rural life. In this era, women who grew old or were unmarried were not considered marginal members of society who had outlived, or thrown away there childbearing years. Many of these old unmarried women were well respected as the village healers and wise women. We will write a custom essay on The Influence of Witchcraft on Feminism specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The word hag comes from these wise and ancient women. The word hag in our language today implies a derogatory term directed toward older women. The original meaning of the word was women with sacred knowledge. These old women would possess the wisdom of the ages and pass it on to others (Armstrong Pettigrew, 1990) One may almost say that these women lived in a naturally occurring social feminist utopia. These women were not strictly speaking feminists, because there was no bias for or against men or women within the rural community and with out repression or bias there can be no feminist movement. On the other hand one can say that these women were natural social feminists without knowing it. Small rural communities were run in a semi-socialist manner. Inhabitants all had their homes or land, and some were wealthier than others but because of the community spirit within these small enclaves the children of your neighbor may as well be your children, and one would never consider withholding food or aid from a poorer neighbor. Women in these communities could choose their path and remain single and independent or marry and have children. A woman was also virtually unlimited in the number of children she could have. More children meant more hands to contribute to chores and farm work, which in turn meant there was more food for the family to eat. Extended family was also a large part of this lifestyle and as such there were always grandparents, and perhaps even great grandparents who would help to raise the communities children and allow the mothers to contribute more fully to community life. There were several events that led up to the century known as the Burning Times. By the middle of the16th century, the which-hunt was in full swing. In brief, the historical timeline of the witch-hunt and those events leading to the witch-hunt are as follows: Prior to the 11th century the Catholic Church did not even acknowledge the existence of Witches. To accuse or take action against one suspected of being a dark witch, Vampire or other supernatural being was punishable by cannon law. It was only towards the beginning of the 11th century that the church began to look upon the practice of healing arts as a possible form of witchcraft and began to dole out minor punishment for the practice of unlicensed healing. In 1227 Pope Gregory IX established the Inquisitional Courts to arrest, try, convict and execute heretics. This mandate did not include Witches per se. In 1252 Pope Innocent III authorized the use of torture during inquisitional trials (Trevor-Roper, 1969, p. 43). This greatly increased the conviction rate. In 1258 Pope Alexander IV instructed the Inquisition to confine their investigations to cases of heresy. They were to not investigate charges of divination or sorcery unless heretics were also involved. Needless to say, inquisitors soon found ways to introduce charges of heresy into sorcery trials (Russell, 1980, p. 1). In 1265 Pope Clement IV reaffirmed the use of torture. In 1326 The Church authorized the Inquisition to investigate Witchcraft. Its main effort was to develop demonology theory. .u86136de5c9f9b42fc232f24915ca61d5 , .u86136de5c9f9b42fc232f24915ca61d5 .postImageUrl , .u86136de5c9f9b42fc232f24915ca61d5 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u86136de5c9f9b42fc232f24915ca61d5 , .u86136de5c9f9b42fc232f24915ca61d5:hover , .u86136de5c9f9b42fc232f24915ca61d5:visited , .u86136de5c9f9b42fc232f24915ca61d5:active { border:0!important; } .u86136de5c9f9b42fc232f24915ca61d5 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u86136de5c9f9b42fc232f24915ca61d5 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u86136de5c9f9b42fc232f24915ca61d5:active , .u86136de5c9f9b42fc232f24915ca61d5:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u86136de5c9f9b42fc232f24915ca61d5 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u86136de5c9f9b42fc232f24915ca61d5 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u86136de5c9f9b42fc232f24915ca61d5 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u86136de5c9f9b42fc232f24915ca61d5 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u86136de5c9f9b42fc232f24915ca61d5:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u86136de5c9f9b42fc232f24915ca61d5 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u86136de5c9f9b42fc232f24915ca61d5 .u86136de5c9f9b42fc232f24915ca61d5-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u86136de5c9f9b42fc232f24915ca61d5:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Infinity Mirror Persuasive EssayBy this point in history, the popular concept of Witches as evil sorcerers had expanded to include belief that they swore allegiance to Satan, had sexual relations with the Devil, and kidnapped and ate children. During the black plague of the 14th century the European population searched for a reason for the plague. They began forming theories about Lepers, Jews, Muslims and Witches poisoning wells and spreading disease. The end of the 15th century brought with it the first of the major witch-hunts throughout Europe. It has been speculated that this religiously inspired genocide was motivated from a desire by the Church to attain a complete religious monopoly, and create scapegoats for spoiled crops, dead livestock or the death of babies and children. The people needed someone to blame and blaming a Witch was better than blaming God. At least one can fight back if a witch is to blame (Russell, 1980, p. 109) The advent of the movable type printing press ushered in an even darker era for the potential victims of the Burning Times. Gutenbergs revolutionary invention made mass printing possible, thus the distribution of mass anti-witch propaganda. In 1484 Pope Innocent VIII issued an official Papal bill condemning Witches Shortly thereafter Thomas of Brabant wrote Formicarius, a predecessor to the Malleus Maleficarum (The Witches Hammer), describing the prosecution of a man for Witchcraft. In1486 Heinrich Kraemer and Jacob Sprenger published the Malleus Maleficarum describing the activities of Witches, and methods of extracting confessions. It was abandoned by the Church, but became the bible of secular courts holding witch trials (Trevor-Roper, 1969, p. 24) The large-scale European extermination of individuals charged with Witchcraft or other heresies reached its apogee between 1550 and 1650 these years are what have popularly become known as the Burning Times. Most victims of the Burning Times seem to have been: midwives, native healers, single women who lived alone, and/or who owned property, people against whom neighbors had a grudge or practitioners of ancient pagan rituals. Other victims often accused individuals, usually while under torture. Others accused may have also simply been people who were in the wrong place at the wrong time. Women bore the brunt of these accusations because they were though to be morally weaker than men and driven by carnal lust. Weak morals and lusty appetites made them more susceptible to being bent by the Devils will (Levack, 1987, p. 126). During the Burning Times, many books were written both arguing for and against the widespread witch trials. Many of those who spoke out against the trials were accused and condemned a Witches or witch sympathizers themselves. Many wrote anonymously in order to evade suspicion. In 1684 The last accused Witch was executed in England, although executions throughout mainland Europe, North America, and South America continued until the mid 1800s. The witch-hunt over North America and Europe not only saw the death of millions of women but also served to set new standards for how women were treated in society. Women became marginalized members of society. A womans place was in the home of her lord and master, be that her husband or father. A womans function and role in life was to be the vessel for her husbands sons and the keeper of his castle. She was bound to love, honor, and obey her husband in all things until the day she died. If a woman chose not to conform to the roles of wife, mother, or daughter she was considered a harlot and branded as evil. According to the church, women bore the blame of original sin, and therefor had to be kept in line by their male keepers. Both by law and by custom women were not people, they were property and as property they could hold nothing of their own. This behavior was justified but the newfound facts of womans inherent inferior ability to be rational and her delicate nature. Most women conformed to their assigned roles and became what their husbands and fathers expected them to be. Not all women of the post-burn era were content to resign themselves to the position that their husbands and fathers assigned to them. In this era women began to occupy new places in society and gather their power bases in the domains that were still open to them. One of the areas of society that was placed under a womans control was child rearing. Women continued to be responsible for the formative years of a son or daughters life. This fact gave women access to the next generation of leaders and mothers. .ua0ca22cfabf315610580ef728a5594d7 , .ua0ca22cfabf315610580ef728a5594d7 .postImageUrl , .ua0ca22cfabf315610580ef728a5594d7 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua0ca22cfabf315610580ef728a5594d7 , .ua0ca22cfabf315610580ef728a5594d7:hover , .ua0ca22cfabf315610580ef728a5594d7:visited , .ua0ca22cfabf315610580ef728a5594d7:active { border:0!important; } .ua0ca22cfabf315610580ef728a5594d7 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua0ca22cfabf315610580ef728a5594d7 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua0ca22cfabf315610580ef728a5594d7:active , .ua0ca22cfabf315610580ef728a5594d7:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua0ca22cfabf315610580ef728a5594d7 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua0ca22cfabf315610580ef728a5594d7 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua0ca22cfabf315610580ef728a5594d7 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua0ca22cfabf315610580ef728a5594d7 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua0ca22cfabf315610580ef728a5594d7:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua0ca22cfabf315610580ef728a5594d7 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua0ca22cfabf315610580ef728a5594d7 .ua0ca22cfabf315610580ef728a5594d7-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua0ca22cfabf315610580ef728a5594d7:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: George PolyaIf a mother could establish a fundamental respect for women in her sons mind during his formative years, it is less likely that the male dominated society that he is exposed to in later life will be able to completely undermine the lessons and values taught earlier in life. A doting son placed in a position of power would give the mother power by proxy and in the days of absolute rulers who ruled absolutely anyone who had the lords ear wielded a great amount of power. Some women, so intent on holding power, were able become the leader of their lands. Unfortunately it did not behoove most of these Queens and Ladies to use their positions of power to help improve the lot of other women of their time. Despite this one cannot say that the power-wielding noblewomen did not have an impact on the female population. Women in official seats of power made it more acceptable for women to participate in the realms of men and provided other women with strong female role models. Towards the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, there were several women who did proactively help to improve the lot of there fellow women. One such woman was Elizabeth Blackwell. She graduated from Genevas medical school in 1849 and later returned to her native North America were she became the first North American female doctor. She went on to become one of the founding members of the London School of Medicine. In this way Elizabeth Blackwell helped return women the domain of the healing arts. Alice Paul is another example of an early feminist. She was the founder of the National Womens Party, played a leading role in the Suffrage movement and helped to draft the U. S. Equal Rights Amendment. She helped return women to the domain of community leadership and political activism. It is from these examples that one can say that liberal feminism was born. These women wanted in they played the game in a mans world and played by the mens rules. They did not ask for any special treatment. They simply decided that they did have a choice in life and that they would choose a path of strength, reason, and independence. These women managed to break out of the private sphere that was long regarded to be the place for women, into the public sphere which had always (and to an extent still is) regarded as the domain of men. It has taken almost 3 centuries to repair the damage done to womens reputations and we still cannot claim success. The repercussions can still be felt to this day. Although the status of women in our modern society is improving everyday women are still not considered mens equals in the workplace or in the home. The average womens salary as of 1993 is still 72% of that of a mans (MacIvor; 1996; p112). Many women with family responsibilities work anywhere from 4 to 8. 5 hours of unpaid work per day (MacIvor; 1996; p107). If these women also work, this means they have little time for anything else. Because of the juggling act of home and family life, many women occupy part time jobs. In fact over 70 percent of the part-time labor force consists of women (MacIvor; 1996; p108). What this all means is that even in our enlightened modern era a woman has to work twice as hard as a man to achieve the same ends and heaven forbid that she be married or have children. The inclusion of children into that equation makes it near to impossible to be considered a mans equal. Men and women are different and they always will be, but it does not mean that women are not equally as important to a working society. It is only now that this realization of differences is being taken into account. Society is beginning to see that there are certain factors in a womans life that would prevent her from being a mans mirror image. The top item on that list of factors is family and children. The new laws surrounding maternity and parental leave provide evidence that society is truly beginning to recognize both the equalities and the differences between men and women and is forming law and social policy to reflect that.

Essay on Of Mice and Men and Lennie

Essay on Of Mice and Men and Lennie Essay on Of Mice and Men and Lennie Activity for Of Mice and Men IA 2012-13 Complete the following in preparation for Of Mice and Men: 1. How do George and Lenny complement each other? George and Lenny complement each other because Lenny is not very intelligent but very strong and George is smart but small. 2. Lennie is often described through the qualities of animals. Why? Lennie is often compared to animals because he is more like an animal mentally and physically. 3. Name two characters that are lonely and explain why each is lonely and how he/she deals with the loneliness? Two characters that are lonely are Curlys wife and Crooks. Curlys wife is lonely because she doesn’t love her husband and has to stay in the house all the time. Crook’s is lonely because he is black and segregated. 4. What do you think is Steinbeck’s comment on friendship? Explain. Steinbeck’s comment on friendship is that it is till the very end. Lennie was friends with George till he had to shoot him. 5. Lennie’s puppy is one of several symbols that represent the victory of the strong over the weak. Lennie, accidentally, unaware of his own strength, kills the puppy, as he has killed many mice before. How is Lennie like this puppy? Lennie is like a puppy because he doesn’t know his own strength and easily kills small things by accident. 6. Why would Steinbeck use a line from the poem â€Å"To a Mouse† as the title of this novel? Explain. To mouse is used as the title for the novel because in the story the

11 Tips for Surviving a Miserable Job

11 Tips for Surviving a Miserable Job Work is work, not play. That’s why it’s called work. But there’s a difference between work being work and having to work a really miserable job. We’ve all been there. Here are 11 ways to tough it out in a job you hate- at least until you can get another one.1. Vent it OutAs long as you don’t do it at the office or with your coworkers or too publicly (ahem, on social media), it can be a really good thing to rant and rave and get your feelings off your chest rather than letting them fester. If you’ve already annoyed your friends with your work gripes, try a forum like jobvent.com.2. Realize it’s Only TemporaryYou’re only stuck there until you can find another job. Start looking. The average number of jobs a typical worker has in their career is growing to five. And there is no longer a stigma about switching jobs or careers like there used to be. Get out there and start working on your resume and soon this bummer job will be way i n the past.3. Make Time for YourselfAll work and no play will make you miserable, no matter what your work is. Make sure you’re taking care of yourself and taking time to do things you find enjoyable. If you build these activities into your day, it’ll be a lot easier to get through.4. Find Something Fun in Your WorkdayGive yourself a daily treat at the office, whether that’s listening to music at your desk, buying yourself  a snazzy lunch, keeping track of your sports team, playing the occasional round of chess against your computer†¦ just something to break up the day. Find something you like that will give you a few minutes of fun among the drudgery.5. Keep LaughingYour sense of humor is your best friend in rough times. Don’t lose sight of it. Sometimes laughter really is the best medicine. Find a way to keep a hold on perspective and keep laughing. Your situation is manageable and can be changed. Just keep your chin up and stay positive.6. Focus on Your Real LifeChances are you have plenty going on outside the office. Put your main focus on that stuff for a change. Don’t take your bad job home with you; leave work at work and make sure your outside life is rich and rewarding. And fun.7. Try to Do BetterIf you hate your job, it’s probably really hard to motivate yourself to excel. But being better at your job will actually help you move jobs- whether up the ladder at your current company, or to another one entirely. Put your hating energy into working harder and your problem might just solve itself.8. Don’t Screw UpYou hate your job, but the last thing you want to do is get fired. Be doubly careful not to put your job in jeopardy while you’re figuring out what to do next. Whatever you do, don’t let your performance slip. You’ll probably need a reference.9. Organize a Fun Night OutGet your coworkers to all go bowling, or to a movie, or to have a potluck picnic in the park. Chances ar e they’re probably as miserable as you are on the job. Get together, share some laughs, and feel a little better about life.10. Get HelpWorkplace stress can be a major factor in depression. Check to see whether your company has an EAP (Employee Assistance Program) and get some professional help to see you through. A happy worker is more productive, obviously. Plus, it never hurts to talk things out with the pros.11. Be PatientYour bad job sucks, but you only have to cope long enough to find a new job. Devote yourself to that, but leave the rest of it at the office. You can get through 9-5 every day for a few weeks until you find something new. Hang in there.

Maldistribution of physicians Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Maldistribution of physicians - Essay Example Mal-distribution is defined as an excess or a scarcity of any given physicians needed in safeguarding of health status of any given people at a best possible level (Shi and Singh 85). The paper seeks to define the problem related to mal-distribution and imbalance of specialty in United States concerning physicians and then provide possible solutions to the problem. Mal-distribution of physicians has been a problem. The United States is not spared of this problem. Some parts of the United States have inadequate access to health care (Rosenblatt and Hart 348). The shortage of physicians in the rural setup has been a nagging problem with the country medical care system. It is estimated that close to 20% of the United States population live in rural areas. However, the number of physicians that are in these areas is alarming. As noted, only 9% of the country physicians practice in the rural communities (Rosenblatt and Hart 348). There has been increased supply of physicians. However, rural areas still are far below the current urban supply of physicians. There are various factors likely to have an influence on physicians supply. One of such factors is specialty mix. Specialty is seen as having an influence on physician location choice for various specialty groups (Rosenblatt and Hart 348). In United States, family physicians are seen as distributing themselves based on population. However, other specialties are seen to stay likely in areas with more progress (Rosenblatt and Hart 348). There are various things that can be done to avoid the problems in the health sector. The first crucial thing is to fix the medical education system (Rosenblatt and Hart 350). The change will help in ensuring that there are more physicians in rural areas. The system should be ensured it selects, trains, and deploys more majorities of health workers that choose to work

National Curriculum Science Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

National Curriculum Science - Essay Example   In the UK, national curriculum was introduced in England, Wales and Northern Ireland following the recommendation of Education Reform Act 1988. However, the independent schools do not follow the national wide curriculum as they are free to set their own curriculum. The National Curriculum is only applicable to state schools of the entire local education authorities. The Science Enquiry 1 came into existence after the introduction of the National Curriculum. A basic curriculum of the national curriculum and religious education is required to be taught to all state students according to the Education Reform Act 1988. The main aim of the National Curriculum was to ensure that all pupils in the UK cover certain basic material and as time went on; all state schools had adopted the National Curriculum in their system. Teachers are expected to set learning and teaching objectives that are challenging, realistic and relevant to the group they are teaching according to the Standards for t he award of qualified teacher status. These objectives can be set by taking into consideration the level of the pupils, their expected achievement together with their current and past achievements. The entire paper will discuss the intended missions and objectives of the National Curriculum Science in relation to Science Enquiry 1 especially in Key Stages 1 and 2. A National Curriculum usually sets out a statutory entitlement that is supposed to be learned by all students attending state owned schools.... The entire paper will discuss the intended missions and objectives of the National Curriculum Science in relation to Science Enquiry 1 especially in Key Stages 1 and 2. National Curriculum Science 1 A National Curriculum usually sets out a statutory entitlement that is supposed to be learnt by all students attending state owned schools. It has set target that are supposed to be achieved at the end of each key stage. The curriculum also states how the students are going to be accessed as far as performance is concerned and how the performance will be reported. For a National Curriculum to be effective it should be in a position of telling elaborating the kind of skills and knowledge that will be gained by students and this is useful information to parents, pupils, teachers and even employers. Initially, England, Wales and Northern Ireland education system was governed by Butler Education Act 1994 which was replaced by Education Reform Act 1988 that was implemented in 1988. The following are the main provisions of Education Reform Act 1988. By studying Science, the pupils are able to understand the nature of the universe hence they are in a position of understanding the world. When pupils at the foundation stage study science, they develop a crucial knowledge and skills that enable them to make sense of the real world. This facilitates them to learn other subjects in science such as ICT as they lay a good foundation that is necessary for their understanding. At this stage, children have an opportunity of solving problems, do experiments, plan, make decisions, predict and ask question in a wider context. It is still at this stage that pupils

Shay`s Rebellion Essay Example for Free

Shay`s Rebellion Essay The 1787 rebellion was led by Daniel shay. He was not much literate, but he portrayed charismatic character. The â€Å"who`s who† of the day had been labeled a rebel, traitor, and coward. However, those allegations were nothing but distant from the truth. He was a devoted nationalist, and a decent military officer supporting America’s devolution. He had devoted over five years of his life in service of America`s government. In addition, besides devoting his life to a patriotic course, he owned little property under his name and was also an accused person in a lawsuit. He mobilized oppressed citizens, both poor farmers and middle class town folks, who disagreed with the government’s actions during the time. He was able to consolidate a militia of over 2000 men. The militia was armed and willing to burn down Boston. According to miller (71), Jefferson heard of the rebellion while, in France but felt that it would not last long. He though that a little rebellion was okay. The political situation was a mess with a weak government that had limited resources and bottomless depts. As a result, they installed large tax levies on American citizens. The uprising divided America`s population into two with conservatives opting to keep of the war. Its events motivated great political progress. Political Events of the period preceding the rebellion depicted a need for big political changes. Voters expressed distaste in government`s actions by developing preference for new leaders. In 1787, Governor Bowdoin lost elections to John Hancock, whom he had defeated in all previous contentions. The people were determined to get rid of every element of oppressive governance. Sherriff Greenleaf was on the state`s side. He held official capacity in Lancaster and employed all possible resources, with the sole objective of monitoring how people related to the rebellion and stopping growth of the militia group. The rebellion created a situation where General Lincoln rejoined America`s political scene. His contributions were in support of America`s government. Shay`s rebellion against political tyranny,  attracted attention from Alexander Hamilton, George Washington, and James Madison who thought that America needed to setup a new government system. Soon, they would start pursuing the agenda of d elivering a federal government system to the American people. Social America experienced a recession beginning in 1784. The government could not survive without extensive external funding let alone subsidizing public projects. They found that salvation could be achieved by demanding a tax increase. According to smith (6), the taxation levels were not ethical. The government tried to exploit farmers and casual laborers, however; their efforts did not make much difference as such persons initially made less money than tax demands. Therefore; the taxman made demands but did not receive equitable monies. Consequently, persons who failed to comply lost property and others were prosecuted in court. Government also owed to soldier. A currency circulation mess, where circulation did not match national wealth was not corrected by government. This led to further escalation of the already unpleasant situation. Crops did very well; farmers brought much harvest from the farms but attracted low market prices. Most farmers did not meet their tax obligations and soon lost rights to continue farming on their land. The labor industry was also in a chaotic situation. Few jobs were available for grab. What`s more, wages attached to such were not enough to get by on. Technology was not advanced and manufacturing did not take place. According to Humphrey and Richard (2), merchants and the government alike oppressed farmers. The rebellion was successful in inspiring a revision of tax rates. Soon, America`s taxman reviewed tax downwards. Cultural Shay`s rebellion was not supported by the conservative clergy. Racisms increased the disparity between the rich and struggling population. Majority of the rich folks were white while many African Americans were defined by poverty. Christianity was popular though it’s disputable that Christian virtues were followed to the letter, because; it appears that injustice consumed the social, economic, and political scene. Racial segregation created a window for crucifixion of the black community. Conservative clergy believed in superiority of white community, and openly displayed that  African Americans occupy an inferior position relative to whites. Therefore, conservative clergy supported and felt that the system was just in its actions. They did not identify with the rebellion`s cry for change. In conclusion, the rebellion was an eruption after a period of constant economic, political, and cultural oppression. America`s population was divided along social status boundaries, living merchants and professionals on the side of government and farmers and laborers on the resistance side. The militia lost the battle but worn the war. They lost to the state but political figure lenient to Shay`s rebellion ideals assumed office and reduced the economic burden. Tax rates were revised. The period also inspired political revolution and resulted in a new government system. Works cited Humphrey, Thomas J., and Leonard L. Richards. Journal of American History 90.2 (2003): 625. Web. 18 July 2015. Miller, Brandon Marie. Thomas Jefferson For Kids. Chicago, Ill.: Chicago Review Press, 2011. Print. Smith, Jonathan. The Depression Of 1785 And Daniel Shays Rebellion. The William and Mary Quarterly 5.1 (1948): 77. Web. 18 July 2015.

Hounds Of The Baskerville :: essays research papers

The Hound of the Baskervilles Sir Aurthur Conan Doyle   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One night Sherlock Holmes and Dr. Watson came back to there office and found a walking cane. After finding this walking cane Holmes and Watson examined and made hypothesis of who could have left this walking canes here. After making a conclusion Dr. Mortimer came in the office with a case of homicide on Sir Charles Baskerville who had died that week. Dr. Mortimer explains what had happened to his friend. Dr. Mortimer thought that even though it was a clean death he thinks there is some foul play. Holmes and Watson decide to take the case. Afterwards Dr. Mortimer and Sir Henry Baskerville go back to the hotel. When they leave Holmes and Watson decide to follow them. Holmes and Watson discover that there is someone following Sir Henry and Dr. Mortimer. When they return to the hotel they discover a note that is telling Sir Henry to stay off the moor. When Holmes and Watson go to see Sir Henry for breakfast when Sir Henry tells Holmes that he was missing a boot he had bought the day before. After he observes the threat of the death and sends Dr. Watson down with Sir Henry to the moor. After a slow week Watson observes that Ms. Stapleton saying to go back to London to Watson. Watson puts that into his first memo to Holmes. In his second Memo he had put in that there was a convict on the moor. Also during that memo he mentioned that he heard the howl of a strange animal. He also adds the description of all the suspects. One night they follow Barrymore into a room where he has a candle up against the window. Watson found out that the convict on the moor is Mrs. Barrymore’s brother and they were feeding him. Watson and Sir Henry decided to go catch the convict that night. That night they chase the convict to run from the moor when they see a shadow of a man in shape somewhat like Holmes. Later that week Barrymore gives Watson some critical evidence of who could have killed Sir Charles. Barrymore gives Watson an end of a burnt letter with the initials L.L. The next day Watson goes to everyone in the moor who has the initials of L.L. He finds out it was Laura Lyo ns and goes to her the next day.

Self Respect

Self-respect means to have respect yourself. It’s a term that means something different to everyone one. But it’s something everyone wants, not many have, and few want to give out. Self respect is one of the most important values a person can have. To gain respect you have to be confident in yourself. Also you have to have respect for others to fully achieve it. Self respect goes along with self esteem. The way you see yourself means everything in order to build strong character. If you don’t see yourself in a positive light then you don’t really have respect for yourself.Many people seek attention in negative ways because they have a low self esteem. When people do this they are not respecting themselves and they are allowing people to walk all over them. For instance, girls who have poor self esteem look for attention anyway they can. An example of how they would do this is by sleeping around with numerous guys that shows them the slightest bit of intere st. They do this to make them feel loved and wanted but in reality it creates a bad name for them. Inevitably this has a bad effect causing them to feel even worse than before.So in the end you should always value yourself and be confident about whom you are because that’s what really makes someone have self respect. The way you treat other people is also a way of showing you have self respect. When you show people consideration for their problems and you actually listen to them when they talk your showing them you have respect for them and they will respect you back. This also goes along with not letting people disrespect you. Someone with self respect doesn’t let someone treat them badly and when someone is disrespecting them they do something about it.For example, when someone walks all over you and you don’t want to be say something because you don’t want to loose that person your showing a sign of weakness. You should be able to confront that person and tell them how they are treating you bad and if they don’t stop you just wont be around them anymore. When people do this it shows that you have true respect for yourself. In the end its clear that people don’t get far without self respect. Its what builds your character so you have to embody all the attributes that go along with it. You have to have a positive self esteem and you have to be able to have respect for the people around you. Self Respect Self-respect means to have respect yourself. It’s a term that means something different to everyone one. But it’s something everyone wants, not many have, and few want to give out. Self respect is one of the most important values a person can have. To gain respect you have to be confident in yourself. Also you have to have respect for others to fully achieve it. Self respect goes along with self esteem. The way you see yourself means everything in order to build strong character. If you don’t see yourself in a positive light then you don’t really have respect for yourself.Many people seek attention in negative ways because they have a low self esteem. When people do this they are not respecting themselves and they are allowing people to walk all over them. For instance, girls who have poor self esteem look for attention anyway they can. An example of how they would do this is by sleeping around with numerous guys that shows them the slightest bit of intere st. They do this to make them feel loved and wanted but in reality it creates a bad name for them. Inevitably this has a bad effect causing them to feel even worse than before.So in the end you should always value yourself and be confident about whom you are because that’s what really makes someone have self respect. The way you treat other people is also a way of showing you have self respect. When you show people consideration for their problems and you actually listen to them when they talk your showing them you have respect for them and they will respect you back. This also goes along with not letting people disrespect you. Someone with self respect doesn’t let someone treat them badly and when someone is disrespecting them they do something about it.For example, when someone walks all over you and you don’t want to be say something because you don’t want to loose that person your showing a sign of weakness. You should be able to confront that person and tell them how they are treating you bad and if they don’t stop you just wont be around them anymore. When people do this it shows that you have true respect for yourself. In the end its clear that people don’t get far without self respect. Its what builds your character so you have to embody all the attributes that go along with it. You have to have a positive self esteem and you have to be able to have respect for the people around you.

Learning Strategies

It goes without saying that effective training strategies motivate learners and ensure better results and outcomes from the studying process. It is possible to use instructional strategies to build confidence, to make success easier, to demonstrate relevance of the process as well as to engage learners to solve real problems. Actually, instructional strategies allow students to discover, to share and to explore the matters of particular interest for them. Classroom should be treated as gym. It doesn’t mean that desks should be replaced by balance beam. It means that significant shifts are required in instructional approaches. The first effective instructional strategy is to integrate training with what students know. This strategy assists in building skills and knowledge of learners. Furthermore, it complements trainings they’ve already and prepares them for developing additional skills. This strategy suggests integrating new information with what students already known. It is necessary to set a comfortable tone in order to encourage sharing and participation and to motivate challenge of ideas and debates regarding the subject. The strategy emphasizes using if familiar metaphors and schemes. The objective of the strategy it to make learners share their personal experience, obtained knowledge of the related topic. Online discussions, groups meetings and e-mails are appreciated as well. The second strategy is to connect training to relevant purposes and goals. This strategy helps to grab learners’ attention to the goals and objectives of the studying process. Instructor should be clear about the goals of the training, because it helps learners to move in directions which correspond to program’s goals and purposes. Learning goals should be related to personal goals of the learners. Actually, instructor has to encourage participatory goals setting, because students would work together in order to pick core performance goals. Also creating of action plan is appreciated as it would assist in customizing new and already existing knowledge. References Pardes, Juan Rudel. (1994, July-August). Motivate Every Learner: How to Replace Motivation Myths with Strategies that Work. Retrieved March 6, 2007, from http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0STR/is_n1_v104/ai_15669489/pg_2 Creating Training that Motivates. (2001). Retrieved March 6, 2007, from http://seniortechcenter.org/archive/learning_paths/training/start_lesson/creating_training_motivate.php#strategies                Learning Strategies INTRODUCTIONEducators of young children have a propensity to share the goal of fostering children’s successful learning and achievement. As the pressure to give emphasis to academic standards enhances, it is all the more vital to reflect on the most effective practices for make certain that children are in fact learning what is being taught. Several factors related to children’s achievement are not in teachers’ control, but creating a climate of engagement in the classroom is (Finn, J.D., & D.A. Rock. 1997). The use of strategies is a powerful teaching tool vital in promoting children’s achievement for the reason that it focuses children on learning; supports learning specific skills and concepts; and provides children positive associations with learning.GENERAL DISCUSSIONMaintenance rehearsal refers to the simple repetition of items to hold them in working memory, where we are conscious of them. Thus, when we want to remember a phone number for long enoug h to ring it, or write it down, we repeat it to ourselves until we have completed our action. Rehearsal is an effective strategy for short-term recall, and young children can be taught to use the strategy (Graham, S., & B. Weiner. 1996). However, continued use of the strategy is more unlikely than not. It may be however, that training was insufficient to impress upon the children the usefulness of the strategy, and with better feedback they might be encouraged to use the strategy spontaneously. Maintenance rehearsal no doubt seems a self-evident strategy to any adult, simple as it is and long accustomed as we are to using it. However, it is, like any strategy, something we have to learn to do. It is rare in five year olds, common in ten year olds.Categorizing is another very basic strategy that many of us use to help us remember items (Baine, 1986) Thus, if you are given a list: APPLE  Ã‚   JEEPNEY  Ã‚   PANSY  Ã‚   TRUCK  Ã‚   SAMPAGUITA  Ã‚   PLUM  Ã‚   PEACH  Ã‚   M OTORCYCLE  Ã‚   ROSE  Ã‚   MARIGOLD  Ã‚   MANGO  Ã‚   CAR the items will be much easier to remember if you note that the items belong to only three categories fruit, vehicles, flowers. Noting that there are four examples of each will also help. The category labels help considerably when it comes to retrieving the information. Most educated adults do this sort of thing automatically.But, again, like any strategy no matter how simple, it is not something we are born knowing. Very young children are not likely to group items at all, but if they do, it will be most likely according to some sort of association (cornflakes —  milk, baby — bottle, paper — pencil). If young children are taught to group items into taxonomic categories, they will still not use category labels effectively when retrieving the information, without explicit instruction. From around 6 or 7, children seem to benefit more from instruction in categorization strategies. If the children a re very young, such instruction may only confuse them. Using category labels as retrieval cues appears to be a more complex strategy than the first step of learning to group according to category, and doesn’t appear until later.Even children as old as 11 may benefit from explicit reminders to use category labels as retrieval cues and search the categories exhaustively before moving on. At around 7, about 50% of children appreciate the value of categorization as a memory strategy. This doesn’t increase all that much over the next few years (about 60% of ten year olds), although nearly all 17 year olds understand the strategy.The value of category labels in helping young children learn is another strategy. Category labels don’t appear to particularly help recall in children before the age of ten. Picture recognition is assisted by labeling in children as young as four. Researchers have had mixed results in labeling pictures as an aid to learning paired association s in young children. Labeling pictures does not appear to help very young children remember the order of items, but can be helpful to children from six years old until they are of an age to spontaneously label, when such explicit labeling may interfere with their own learning strategy. Labeling however often part of a wider strategy and may is well be helpful to young children for other reasons than improving recall. For example, it may be useful in helping children acquire language.Mnemonics is another strategy used by teachers for the children. Research into whether young children can improve recall by using visual imagery has produced mixed results (Yair, G. 2000). It would seem that, in general, the instruction to generate mental images does not improve recall in children 5 yrs and younger, but does improve recall in children 8 years and above. Children of six and seven appear to be at a transitional stage whereby some children can use the strategy effectively in some situations . The story, or sentence, mnemonic is a verbal mnemonic in which words to be remembered are linked together in a sentence or sentences (Brewster, C., & J. Fager. 2000). It is an effective strategy for learning a list of words.The research confirms that memory even in very young children can be helped by teaching them to use this verbal mnemonic strategy. It is more effective if the words are linked by verbs rather than prepositions simply stringing together words like this: The cat and the banana and the boat were in the sky† is much less memorable than composing: â€Å"The cat ate the banana and tossed the boat into the sky.† Sentence mnemonics have been effectively used by 6th graders to remember the correct spelling of words. The keyword method is one of the most successful mnemonic strategies to be used in education.It is of proven effectiveness as a method of learning new words, foreign language words, and social studies facts. As a technique for learning new words , it has been compared with the following common strategies: learning words in context; finding root words; learning synonyms and antonyms; presenting words in meaningful sentences; having students discriminate correct from incorrect use of words in sentences; and having students generate their own meaningful sentences and is apparently more effective than any of these methods. The keyword mnemonic has been used effectively by 4th graders. When pictures have been provided, it has been used effectively by 2nd graders. It is suggested that, for children 10 years and younger, instructions to visualize are supplemented by illustrating pictures.CONCLUSIONIdeally, teachers should use a wide range of strategies and then masterfully facilitate their implementation. Not only do strategies enable teachers to capture the interest of children as they learn the skills and concepts necessary for success in school, but children also experience what it feels like to be engaged in learning – a lifelong gift.   The strategies chosen depend on the purpose, teaching style, and the children in the classroom. Regardless of the strategies selected, effective facilitation is a key to making them work. By facilitation it means that the techniques used to execute a strategy.REFERENCE:Baine, David 1986. Memory and instruction. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Educational Technology Publications.Brewster, C., & J. Fager. 2000. Increasing student engagement and motivation: From time on task to homework. Portland, OR: Northwest Regional Educational Laboratory.Finn, J.D., & D.A. Rock. 1997. Academic success among students at risk for school failure. Journal of Applied Psychology 82 (2): 221–34.Graham, S., & B. Weiner. 1996. Theories and principles of motivation. In Handbook of educational psychology, eds. D. Berliner & R.C. Calfee, 62–84. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.Yair, G. 2000. Reforming motivation: How the structure of instruction affects students’ learning experiences. Briti sh Educational Journal 26 (2): 191–210. Learning Strategies 1. Learning Strategies for SSC100 SSC100 is not only a common course, but also sets the tone for the whole four-semester study life in Seneca. Therefore, we should pay more attention to this course. My GPA to date is 3. 0 and my target GPA is 3. 5. In order to acheive the target, there are several strategies I should follow . First, take the classes regularly. Some other students may think that it’s not necessary to attend the classes , without which they can still pass this course.However, the powerpoints and the videos the instructors display in the classes are not only interesting but also helpful. Second, read through the textbook: Success Strategies for College. This book introduces diffrernt kinds of learning strategies in details, which are very useful in SSC100 itself, especially in the reflective test, and other courses throughout Seneca. Third, invovle in the group work. To tell the truth, I am not a good team worker, which is neither good for the current college stu dy nor good for the future work.Therefore, I should attach more importance to this part. Communication is a key factor in the group work. I will try my best to listen to others and give my own opinion as much as possible. Last, practice presentation. As for the group work, presentation is one of the most important parts. Practices can sooth the nerves and make the process more smooth in the real presentation. There are two ways to practice the presentation: first, gather the group mates to simulate; second, take part in the presentation workshops in the learning center.

arthritis essays

arthritis essays The theory behind ultrasound for treating knee osteoartritis is that it is used as a passive modality; a supplement to the primary treatment (e.g. exercise). Passive modalities are typically used to relax the patient as a distraction from pain, and/or to warm muscles for exercise. Ultrasound equipment generates high frequency sound waves that are transferred to a specific body area via a round sound head. The sound waves travel deep into tissue (e.g. muscles) creating gentle heat. The clinician usually applies a hypo-allergic gel to the skin, which creates a friction free surface. Using gentle, circular motions with the sound head, the treatment is administered and generally lasts seven to ten minutes. Ultrasound can also be used in phonophoresis. This treatment involves the application of a topical anti-inflammatory that is usually mixed with the ultrasound gel and applied to the area using the probe. The ultrasonic sound waves force the medication to migrate into the tissues reducing inflammation. As the sound head glides over the skin's surface, sound waves penetrate the skin's surface causing soft tissues to vibrate creating deep heat. In turn, the heat induces vasodilation, which is the drawing of blood into the target tissues. Increased blood flow delivers needed oxygen and nutrients to the muscle, and removes cell wastes from the muscles. The deep heat helps to relieve pain, inflammation, reduces muscle spasms, accelerates healing, and in some cas es, depending on the treatment area, range of motion may be increased. Arthritis of the knee is most often referred to as osteoarthritis, a degenerative disease where cartilage in the joint gradually wears away. In rheumatoid arthritis, which can also affect the knee, the joint becomes inflamed and the cartilage is destroyed. Arthritis is particularly devastating because it not only affects joints, but it may also affect supporting structures such as muscles, tendons, a...

Present Simple Lesson Plan for Adult English Learners

Present Simple Lesson Plan for Adult English Learners Teaching the present simple tense is one of the first, and most important tasks when teaching beginners. Its a good idea to teach the present simple of the verb to be to begin with, and introduce simple adjectives to help students expand their understanding of the verb to be. After English learners are comfortable with the present and past forms of the verb to be, teaching the present simple and past simple will be much easier. 5 Steps for Introducing the Present Simple Start by Modeling the Present Simple Most English learners are false beginners. In other words, they have already studied English at some point. Begin teaching the present ​simply by stating some of your routines: I get up at six-thirty in the morning.I teach at the Portland English School.I have lunch at one oclock. Students will recognize most of these verbs. Model some questions for the students as well. At this point, its a good idea to ask yourself a question and provide the answer. When do you have dinner? - I have dinner at six oclock.When do you come to school? - I come to school at two oclock.Where do you live? - I live in Portland. Continue by asking students the same questions. Students will be able to follow your lead and answer appropriately. Introduce the Third Person Singular Once the students are comfortable speaking about their own basic daily activities, introduce the third person singular for he and she which will prove the most difficult for students. Again, model the present simple third person ending in s for the students. When does Mary have dinner? - She has dinner at six oclock.When does John come to school? - He comes to school at two oclock.Where does she live? - He lives in Portland. Ask each student a question and ask another for a reply, creating a chain of questions and answers changing from you to he and she. This will help students memorize this crucial difference. Where do you live? - (Student) I live in Portland.Where does he live? - (Student) He lives in Portland. Introduce the Negative Introduce the negative form of the present simple in the same manner as above. Remember to continually model the form to the students and immediately encourage a similar answer. Does Anne live in Seattle? - No, she doesnt live in Seattle. She lives in Portland.Do you study French? - No, you dont study French. You study English. Introduce Questions Up to this point, students have been answering questions so they should be familiar with the form. Make sure to point out the difference between yes/no questions and information questions. Start with yes/no questions encouraging students to answer in the short form. Do you work every day? - Yes, I do./No, I dont.Do they live in Portland? - Yes, they do./No, they dont.Does she study English? - Yes, she does/No, she doesnt. Once students are comfortable with short yes/no questions, move on to information questions. Make sure to vary the subjects up to help students become familiar with the tendency to drop the s.   Where do you live? - I live in Seattle.When do you get up in the morning? - I get up at seven oclock.Where does she go to school? - She goes to school at the University of Washington. Discuss Important Time Words Once students become comfortable with the present simple, introduce important time words such as everyday and adverbs of frequency (usually, sometimes, rarely, etc.). Contrast these with common time words used in the present continuous such as now, at the moment, etc.   She usually takes the bus to work. Today, she is driving.My friend sometimes goes out for dinner. At the moment, hes cooking dinner at home.Jennifer rarely talks to strangers. Right now, shes talking to a friend. 3 Strategies for Practicing the Present Simple Explaining the Present Simple on the Board Students will now recognize the present simple tense and be able to respond to simple questions. Its time to introduce the grammar. Use a present simple tense timeline on the board to stress the fact that this tense is used to express routines. I also like to use simple charts showing the underlying structure of this tense. Comprehension Activities Once you have introduced the tense and used the whiteboard to explain forms, continue teaching the present simple tense through activities which use the present simple in context.   Continued Activity Practice Students have learned to recognize the present simple, as well as understand the form in comprehension activities. Its time to continue by having students use the present simple to describe their own lives in both spoken and written form. This detailed lesson on daily routines will help you continue the practice. Expected Problems Here are the most common challenges for students when using the present simple: Confusing with the present continuous for actions occurring at the moment of speaking.Use of s in the third person.Auxiliary verb usage in the question and negative form, but NOT in the positive form.Placement of adverbs of frequency.

Learning Log of Tesco CSR and SB Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Learning Log of Tesco CSR and SB - Assignment Example management and is important for all business and it is incorporated into the operations of the organization through its culture, values, decision making, strategy and reporting mechanisms. As described by Wood, corporate social responsibility has the basic idea of linking the business with the society rather than describing the s distinct entities (Idowu and Filho, 2008, p.165).The corporate social responsibility started since 1950s. Archie Carroll’s theory forms the basis of corporate social responsibility. This pyramid of Carroll’s theory comprises of four responsibilities. The first is the economic responsibility to be profitable. The second comprises of the legal responsibilities that is to obey the law that is set forth by the society. The third part of the pyramid is linked with the second part and comprises of ethical responsibilities that the business should have, to do what is right even when the business is not compelled to do so by the law. The fourth is the philanthropic or the discretionary responsibility it is all about the resources contributed by the corporations towards the educational, social, recreational or cultural purposes. The Carroll’s theory helps the organizations to comprehend the necessary principles of social responsibility, set forth the practices to achieve each step of the pyramid with the ultimate goal of reaching the top. As per the Carroll’s theory, TESCO fulfills all its economic responsibilities by being the Ireland’s top retailer; it even fulfills its legal responsibilities by following the rules and regulations. It lays down practices of being ethical by serving healthy food and satisfying the customers well by serving them more of local products and being more cautious about their impact on the neighborhood and faces the environmental challenges. It practices its philanthropic responsibilities by serving a large number of communities throughout the country, it takes care about its responsibilities as business,